Development Experience (1947–90) & Economic Reforms since 1991 — Class 12 Economics PYQs

From the terms given below in Column-I and Column-II, choose the correct pair of statements :

Column I	Column II
(i) Subsidies	(a) Maximum quantity of goods that can be imported
(ii) Land ceiling	(b) Element of IPR 1956
(iii) Small Scale Industries	(c) Land to the tiller
(iv) Modernisation as a goal of five year plan	(d) Change in social outlook

Study the following image carefully :
Identify, the trade practice that has successfully replaced foreign goods with domestic production.
Options :
(A) Export Promotion
(B) Export Substitution
(C) Import Proliferation
(D) Import Substitution
Note : The following question is for the visually impaired candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 24.
refers to a trade policy aimed at reducing reliance on imported goods by encouraging domestic production.
Options :
(A) Export Promotion
(B) Export Substitution
(C) Import Substitution
(D) Import Proliferation

(a) Describe briefly a rationale behind choosing 'Self-reliance' as a planning objective for the Indian economy.
OR
(b) Explain how, Goods and Services Tax (GST) has simplified the multiplicity of taxes on goods and services.

(a) Giving valid reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false.
(i) India followed unbalanced growth during the colonial rule.
(ii) The economic policies implemented in India between 1950 – 1990's sought to promote regional equality.
(iii) India has become a favourable destination of outsourcing, in post 1991 period.
OR
(b) (i) Distinguish between :
(1) Tariff and non-tariff barriers
(2) Bilateral and multilateral trade
(ii) "Small-Scale Industries require a shield against large scale industries."
In the light of given statement, elaborate the steps initiated by the government in this direction.

______ of agriculture refers to production of crops for sale in the open market rather than for self consumption purpose.
(A) Commercialisation
(B) Diversification
(C) Digitisation
(D) Modernisation

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct options given below :
Assertion (A) : Under the land reforms, Indian government fixed the minimum land size which could be owned by an individual.
Reason (R) : The purpose of land ceiling was to avoid the concentration of land ownership in a few hands.
Options :
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Explain, the volume and direction of foreign trade during the British rule.

(a) (i) "To promote green revolution, the Indian government provided fertilizer subsidies to the farmers."
Briefly explain any two arguments in favour of such subsidies.
(ii) As per a news report dated, 8th Oct. 2021, the Government of India sold its entire 100% stake in Air India. Tata sons, the original founder of Air India won the bid and purchased the airline for ₹ 18,000 crore.
(1) Identify the step taken by the Government of India.
(2) State any two ways in which identified step can be executed by the government.
OR
(b) (i) "After 1991, reforms in external sector led to an increase in foreign exchange inflows".
Justify the given statement with valid argument.
(ii) "During the planning period, public sector was given a dominant role in Indian Economy."
Justify the rationale behind this step taken by the Government of India.

(a) "In the mountainous regions, mini-hydel plants prove to be cost effective as well as eco-friendly."
Justify above statement with valid arguments.

(a) Giving valid reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false.
(i) There was growth in agricultural sector due to expansion of aggregate area under cultivation, during the colonial era.
(ii) The objective of World Trade Organisation (WTO) is to establish a rule based regime, in the world trade.
(iii) Economic growth with regional disparity was the main goal of planning in India.
OR
(b) (i) Distinguish between :
(1) Tariff and non-tariff barriers
(2) Bilateral and multilateral trade
(ii) "Small-Scale Industries require a shield against large scale industries."
In the light of given statement, elaborate the steps initiated by the government in this direction.