Class 12 History 2025 Board Exam

Which of the following is correct regarding Harappan script ?

In which of the following sites of Harappan civilization, the terracotta models of plough have been discovered ?

Two statements have been given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read them carefully and choose correct option.
Assertion (A) : Harappa was a well-planned city.
Reason (R) : It had a well-planned drainage system.
Options :

Which one of the following was a distinctive feature of Harappan architecture ?

Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow :
The most ancient system yet discovered
About the drains, Mackay noted : "It is certainly the most complete ancient system as yet discovered." Every house was connected to the street drains. The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. In some cases, limestone was used for the covers. House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed out into the street drains. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. It is a wonder of archaeology that "little heaps of material, mostly sand, have frequently been found lying alongside drainage channels, which shows... that the debris was not always carted away when the drain was cleared".
From Ernest Mackay, Early Indus Civilisation, 1948
Drainage systems were not unique to the larger cities, but were found in smaller settlements as well. At Lothal for example, while houses were built of mud bricks, drains were made of burnt bricks.
31.1 Analyse the possible reason behind the uniformity in the drainage systems across the Harappan cities.
31.2 Analyse the implications of finding little heaps of material, mostly sand, alongside drainage channels.
31.3 Assess the impact of Harappan drainage system.

Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the correct option from the following :
Column-I (Ancient Mahajanpadas)
a. Magadh
b. Avanti
c. Gandhara
d. Koshala
Column-II (Present Region)
I. Qandhar (Eastern Afghanistan)
II. Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh)
III. Patna (Bihar)
IV. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh)
Options :
a b c d

Prabhavati Gupta is best known for which of the following roles ?

Which one of the following dynasties did Queen Prabhavati belong to ?

"The mid-first millennium BCE is considered as a significant turning point in the course of World History." Justify the statement.